The Marker used Sugarcane:

Marker used sugarcane

Molecular markers are able to show probes or tags to maintain the path of species, a gene, a chromosome, a nucleus, a cell, or a tissue in experiments (X u., 2010). Molecular markers have main three types: (1) DNA-based markers, which described variation in DNA polymorphism: (2) Biochemical (isozymes) or protein-based markers, which explained the product of genes; and (3) morphological-based markers, which defined variation in phenotypic traits (visible traits such as shape, size, and color) of individual organisms. The value of isozyme markers (Markert and Moller, 1959), and molecular markers (Jones et al., 1997; Adams et al., 1991; Welsh and McClelland, 1990; Williams et al., 1990; Botstein et al., 1980) are shown by the literature to plant breeders. In the genome of sugarcane Molecular markers can give powerful tools to uncover the complex genome and to help breeders in the genetic enhancement of new varieties (D’Hont et al., 1995; Parida et al; 2009). The Services of new technology are cooperative in the relationship of genetic maps and genetic markers with traits to

 

Fig.4. Molecular markers techniques and molecular cytogenetic techniques assist advance yield in breeding programs (Dillon et al; 2007; Oliveira et al; 2009).

The effectiveness in developing the sugarcane genome, and linkage maps have been enhanced and ultimately these markers have been applied in QTL mapping, map-based cloning, and gene with the starting of various arrangements of molecular marker systems (Cunff et al., 2008). The key novel by Wu et al., (1992) explaining a technique for mapping is based on double-dose and single-dose markers of polyploidy plants. Single dose markers are illustrated that are present in one copy in parent 1 and absent in parent 2 segregate 1:1 in the offspring. Multiple dose markers procedure in polysomic, mapping was described by polyploids Ripol (1994), which deeply developed the precision of recognition of homology groups. First DNA markers RFLPs (Restriction fragment length polymorphisms) were employed to create genetic maps of higher organisms (Botstein et al., 1980).  For the review of genetic diversity within sugarcane germplasm assortment molecular markers are highly appropriate. In the last two decades of the 20th century, many molecular markers, consist of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (Daugroiset al.,1996; Grivet et al., 1996), 5S rRNA ITS marker (Glaszmann et al., 1990; Pan et al., 2000), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Mudge et al., 1996; Chen et al., 2004), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) (Xu et al.,2004; Altken, 2005), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Aitken, 2005; Cai et al., 2005), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) (Song et al., 2009), target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) (Que et al., 2009), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Corderio et al., 2006), genomic simple sequence repeat (gSSR) (Huang, 2009; You et al., 2013), and EST derived simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) (Pan, 2010; Liu and Pan, 2011; Marconi et al., 2011), have been used in sugarcane classification and germplasm assessment. In present times a new simple and reliable PCR marker Scot is developed which is based on start codon translation. With providing the marker techniques of SCoT marker, PCR implication utilization of the designated single primer can create dominant polymorphic markers with a predisposition near the applicant functional gene region. Hence now in different research institute, the Scot markers techniques can be widely provided to various labs (Xiong et al., 2009).

Currently, Collard and Mackill (Collard and Mackill, 2009) created another DNA marker in rice, the start codon targeted (SCoT) marker, which based on the short

 A conserved nucleotide sequence that flanks the start codon ATG. Just like RAPD

And ISSR, SCoT markers engage a single oligonucleotide primer and are PCR based.

Though, due to the instantaneous binding of the primer on both DNA strands, the sequence among the two binding sites is amplified. As the latest markers method, the SCoT marker has the following importance.  Simple, low price, greatly polymorphic, gene-targeted, and abundant in the genome. It has been applied to different plant species, including rice (Collard and Mackill, 2009), longan (Chen et al., 2010), grape (Guo et al., 2012), potato (Gorji et al., 2011), orange (Jiang et al., 2011), mango (Luo et al., 2010), peanut (Xiong, 2011), and Cicer (Amirmoradi et al., 2012), sugarcane (Que et al., 2014), date palm ((AL-Qurainy et al. 2015), One of the most important roles of the SCoT marker techniques help in the investigation for the differential expression in plants and to find out important information to show the functions of genes. However, every marker system in difference gene analysis has some deficiency such as generating in large amounts differential bands, little bit of sensitivity, high costs, poor repeatability, high false positive rate, mechanical and technical problems, etc., depending on the decided techniques. Also, since these techniques were produced for different significant functions other than gene expression analysis from several conditions, the techniques are highly susceptible to differentiating crop varieties, accessible tools, technical and mechanical skills, and existing research funds.