DIABETES MELLITUS:

 

DIABETES MELLITUS

 It happens when insulin is not produced by B cells in the pancreas. It has been identified with Egyptians since 3000 and 1500 BC.

Historical Background

In the nineteenth century, gluttony was considered one of the main causes of diabetes. It was after the discovery of insulin that excessive eating was not held a risk factor for diabetes. With the passage of time, more discoveries were made regarding the causes of diabetes and it was known that the disease is caused by the high glucose level in the blood because either body is not producing insulin or utilizing insulin. After seventeen years, the hyperglycemia would rise to 366 million. Roughly 0.82 million people live in Haripur, KPK, and 25.2% of men and 25.4% of women are suffering from Diabetes Mellitus.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

In Type I diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells in the pancreas, and in Type II diabetes, only insulin administration is not only dependable. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) fall under type II which occurs in pregnant women-it appears when a woman is pregnant for the first time. 

The term ‘’ Mitochondria’’ was initially used in the 19th century. As we have all read in 9th-grade biology Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell and it supplies chemical energy to the cells for their proper functioning. The chemical energy is supplied in the form of ‘’ATP’’. About 2 percent of ‘’ATP’’ is generated by Aerobic glycolysis. Mitochondria is present between two membranes and it is oval and tube-like in structure. Mitochondria possess DNA that is different from the nuclear genomic DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is about 16,569 and consists of nucleotide bp in size. It is composed of bulky and light thread. The former purines while the latter is pyrimidines-rich The number of Mitochondria changes in sperm and female eggs: the former contains 100 Mitochondria and the latter about ten thousand. When the experiment was conducted in 1981. To determine the sequence of chemical constituents in the mitochondrial genome, it was found that mitochondrial dysfunctions cause cancer and aging. Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA also cause some degenerative diseases. And they can be inherited through the mother; many diseases are caused by rearrangements in Mitochondrial DNA and mutations in Mitochondria. These diseases often influence Central Nervous System, renal and endocrine systems, eyes, and heart muscles. The symptoms of these mitochondrial diseases change from patient to patient even in a single family. Besides these diseases are progressive in nature and with the passage of time they become worse.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

GDM can cause many negative neonatal outcomes such as obesity, neonatal hyperglycemia, macrosomia, birth defects, cardiac dysfunction, arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), myoclonus epilepsy with dilapidated red fibers (MERRF), maternally inherited progressive exterior ophthalmoplegia (PEO), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Leigh syndrome.

Risk Factors

There are many risk factors such as whether there is any family member who is diabetic, what is the age of the mother, whether she is active or staying indoors polycystic ovary syndrome, and exposure to air and water pollution. Like our South Asian neighbors, there are many Pakistani women who are at risk of contracting Gestational Diabetes. Few types of research have been done in Pakistan to ascertain the causes of GDM; the objective of this research is to bridge the gap of knowledge in this regard and find whether there is any mutation in the patient of GDM Lysine tRNA gene in Pakistan. And if that’s the case to what extent the mutation is prevalent.